Death Notification

CMAOC Frequently Asked Questions

What is a casualty?

Casualty is an inclusive category. A casualty can be defined as any person who is lost to an organization by reason of having been declared beleaguered (member of an organized element that has been surrounded by a hostile force to prevent escape of its members), besieged (member of an organized element that has been surrounded by a hostile force for compelling it to surrender), captured (seized as the result of action of an unfriendly military or paramilitary force in a foreign country), deceased, detained (prevented from proceeding or is restrained in custody for alleged violation of international law or other reason claimed by the government or group under which the person is being held), DUSTWUN (Duty Status - Whereabouts Unknown); transitory casualty status, applicable only to military personnel, that is used when the responsible commander suspects the member may be a casualty whose absence is involuntary, but does not feel sufficient evidence currently exists to make a definite determination of missing or deceased), injured, ill, interned (definitely known to have been taken into custody of a nonbelligerent foreign power as the result of and for reasons arising out of any armed conflict in which the armed forces of the United States are engaged), missing (not present at his or her duty location due to apparent involuntary reasons and whose location is unknown), missing in action (a hostile casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist activity, who is not present at his or her duty location due to apparent involuntary reasons and whose location is unknown) or wounded. As you can see, this definition encompasses a lot more than what is traditionally thought of as a casualty.

What are the Soldier casualty classifications during war?

Casualty Category - A term used to specifically classify a casualty for reporting purposes based upon the casualty type and the casualty status. Casualty categories include killed in action (KIA), died of wounds received in action (DWRIA), and wounded in action (WIA).

Killed In Action (KIA) - A casualty category applicable to a hostile casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist activity, who is killed outright or who dies as a result of wounds or other injuries before reaching a medical treatment facility.

Died of Wounds Received In Action (DWRIA) - A casualty category applicable to a hostile casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist activity, who dies of wounds or other injuries received in action after having reached a medical treatment facility.

Wounded In Action (WIA) - A casualty category applicable to a hostile casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist activity, who has incurred an injury due to an external agent or cause. The term encompasses all kinds of wounds and other injuries incurred in action, whether there is a piercing of the body, as in a penetration or perforated wound, or none, as in the contused biological and chemical warfare agents, and the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation or any other destructive weapon or agent. The hostile casualty's status may be VSI, SI, III, or NSI.

Casualty Type - A term used to identify a casualty for reporting purposes as either a hostile casualty or a non-hostile casualty.

Hostile Casualty - A person who is the victim of a terrorist activity or who becomes a casualty "in action." The term "in action" characterizes the casualty as having been the direct result of hostile action, sustained in combat or relating thereto, or sustained going to or returning from a combat mission provided that the occurrence was directly related to hostile action. Included are persons killed or wounded mistakenly or accidentally by friendly fire directed at a hostile force or what is thought to be a hostile force. However, not to be considered as sustained in action and not to be interpreted as hostile casualties are injuries or death due to the elements, self-inflicted wounds, combat fatigue, and except in unusual cases, wounds or death inflicted by a friendly force while the individual is in an absent-without-leave (AWOL), deserter, or dropped-from-rolls (DFR) status or is voluntarily absent from a place of duty. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Non-hostile Casualty - A person who becomes a casualty due to circumstances not directly attributable to hostile action or terrorist activity. Casualties due to the elements, self-inflicted wounds, and combat fatigue are non-hostile casualties. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Casualty Status - Term used to classify a casualty for reporting purposes. There are seven casualty statuses:

Deceased - A casualty status applicable to a person who is either known to have died, determined to have died on the basis of conclusive evidence, or declared to be dead on the basis of a presumptive finding of death. The recovery of remains is not a prerequisite to determining or declaring a person deceased.

Duty status Whereabouts unknown (DUSTWUN) - A transitory casualty status, applicable only to military personnel. It is used when the responsible commander suspects the member may be a casualty whose absence is involuntary, but does not feel sufficient evidence currently exists to make a definite determination of missing or deceased. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Missing - A casualty status applicable to a person who is not at his or her duty location due to apparent involuntary reasons and whose location may or may not be known. A casualty status for which the United States Code provides statutory guidance concerning missing members of the military services. Excluded are personnel who are in an absent without leave (AWOL), deserter, or dropped-from-rolls (DFR) status. A person declared missing might be categorized as follows:

Beleaguered - The casualty is a member of an organized element that has been surrounded by a hostile force to prevent escape of its members.

Besieged - The casualty is a member of an organized element that has been surrounded by a hostile force for compelling it to surrender.

Captured - The casualty has been seized as the result of action of an unfriendly military or paramilitary force in a foreign country.

Detained - The casualty is prevented from proceeding or is restrained in custody for alleged violation of international law or other reason claimed by the government or group under which the person is being held.

Interned - The casualty is definitely known to have been taken into custody of a nonbelligerent foreign power as the result of and for reasons arising out of any armed conflict in which the armed forces of the United States are engaged.

Missing - The casualty is not present at his or her duty location due to apparent involuntary reasons and whose location is unknown.

Missing In Action (MIA) - The casualty is a hostile casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist activity, who is not present at his or her duty location due to apparent involuntary reasons and whose location is unknown. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Very Seriously Ill or Injured (VSI) - The casualty status of a person whose illness is classified by medical authorities to be of such severity that life is imminently endangered. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Seriously Ill or Injured (SI) - The casualty status of a person whose illness or injury is classified by medical authorities to be of such severity that there is cause for immediate concern, but there is no imminent danger to life. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Incapacitating Illness or Injury (III) - The casualty status of a person whose illness or injury requires hospitalization, but medical authority does not classify as very seriously ill or injured or seriously ill or injured and the illness or injury makes the person physically or mentally unable to communicate with the next of kin. Also called III. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Not Seriously Injured (NSI) - The casualty status of a person whose injury or illness may or may not require hospitalization; medical authority does not classify as very seriously injured (VSI), seriously injured (SI), or incapacitating illness or injury (III); and the person can communicate with the Next of Kin (NOK). (Joint Pub 1-02)

What is the process for notifying families of casualties?

In the event of a Soldier injury or illness, only primary next of kin will be notified and may be notified telephonically. All notified families will have ready access to information, as it becomes available. In all death and missing cases, the Primary and Secondary Next of Kin (PNOK) (SNOK) and any other person listed on the DD Form 93 (Record of Emergency Data), will be notified. The notification will be made as a matter of highest priority, taking precedence over all other responsibilities the notifier has. Whenever possible, the notifier's grade is equal to or higher than the grade of the casualty. When the PNOK is also a Soldier, the notifier's grade will be equal to or higher than the grade of the PNOK. Personal notification will generally be made between 0600 and 2200 hours local time. The PNOK is always notified first. If the PNOK cannot be located, the Army Casualty & Memorial Affairs Operations Center (CMAOC) will determine when to notify the SNOK.

What constitutes a mass casualty?

Any large number of casualties produced in a relatively short period of time, usually as the result of a single incident such as a military aircraft accident, hurricane, flood, earthquake, or armed attack that exceeds local logistical support capabilities. In these instances, the Army Casualty and Memorial Affairs Operations Center (CMAOC) coordinates the notification of next of kin for all Soldiers involved.

How will families be notified if a Soldier is involved in a mass casualty?

In the event of a Soldier's injury or illness, only Primary Next Of Kin (PNOK) will be notified and may be notified telephonically. All notified families will have ready access to information, as it becomes available. In all death and missing cases, the Primary Next of Kin (PNOK) and Secondary Next of Kin (SNOK) and any other person listed on the DD Form 93 (Record of Emergency Data) will be notified. The notification will be made as a matter of highest priority, taking precedence over all other responsibilities the notifier has. Whenever possible, the notifier's grade is equal to or higher than the grade of the casualty. When the PNOK is also a Soldier, the notifier's grade will be equal to or higher than the grade of the PNOK. Personal notification will generally be made between 0600 and 2200 hours local time. The PNOK is always notified first. If the PNOK cannot be located, the Army Casualty and Memorial Affairs Operations Center (CMAOC) will determine when to notify the SNOK. When the SNOK is notified first, they will be queried as to the whereabouts of the PNOK. Immediately after PNOK notification has been made, all SNOK will be notified.

How is the Primary Next Of Kin (PNOK) determined?

The person most closely related to the casualty is considered the PNOK for notification and assistance purposes. This is normally the spouse for married persons and the parents for unmarried Soldiers/individuals. The precedence of NOK with equal relationships to the casualty is governed by seniority (age). Equal relationship situations include divorced parents, children and siblings. Minor children's rights are exercised by their parents or legal guardian. The adult NOK is usually the first person highest in the line of succession who has reached the age of eighteen. Even if a minor, the spouse is always considered the PNOK. The following order of precedence is used to identify the PNOK:

Spouse

Natural, adopted, step and illegitimate children

Parents

Persons standing in loco parentis

Persons granted legal custody of the individual by a court decree of statutory provision

Brothers or sisters, to include half-blood and those acquired through adoption

Grandparents

Other relatives in order of relationship to the individual according to civil laws

If no other persons are available, the secretary of the military department may be deemed to act on behalf of the individual Secondary next of kin (SNOK) is any other next of kin other than the PNOK.

Does the Army only notify Next Of Kin (NOK) of active duty Soldiers?

No. The Army will notify NOK if any of the following become casualties:

Army members on active duty. The term active duty includes reserve members in an active guard/reserve status.

Army reserve members who die while en route to or from or while participating in any scheduled training activity.

National Guard members who die while en route to or from or while participating in any scheduled training activity.

Army retirees

Soldiers released from active duty within 120 days.

DA civilian employees OCONUS.

DA civilians in a CONUS TDY status.

DA dependents OCONUS.

Will a chaplain accompany the Soldier who notifies the family of a death?

Not necessarily. Many times the notifier travels from outside the area to visit the family. In these cases, the notifier may, at the family's request, contact a clergy or family member to come to the home. The notifier may also ask a local chaplain or community minister to be present at the notification.

What services are available for family members whose loved ones have been killed?

The Army casualty assistance program assists the Primary Next of Kin (PNOK) during the very emotionally trying and difficult time following a casualty incident, to eliminate delays in settling claims, to assist the PNOK in applying for survivor benefits and to resolve other personnel-related matters. Families whose loved one has been killed or missing will be provided a Casualty Assistance Officer (CAO) by the Army Casualty and Memorial Affairs Operations Center (CMAOC). Services provided by the CAO include, but are not limited to, information and assistance concerning the return of remains and belongings, funeral/memorial services, filing for benefits and entitlements, and relocation of military family members.

What is the difference between the notifier (Casualty Notification Officer [CNO]), and the assistance officer (Casualty Assistance Officer [CAO])?

The notifier, also called the Casualty Notification Officer (CNO), normally is a Soldier with the grade of Sergeant First Class or higher or an officer in the grade of Captain or higher. (Under extraordinary circumstances, the Army Casualty and Memorial Affairs Operations Center (CMAOC) may authorize Staff Sergeants to be used as CNO or notifier). Notifiers are provided training material to help them fulfill their responsibilities, which normally extend only through the notification. The Casualty Assistance Officer (CAO) is an officer in the grade of Captain or higher, warrant officer or senior NCO with the grade of Sergeant First Class or higher (Staff Sergeant only upon approval from CMAOC). Normally, the CAO will be of equal grade or higher than the casualty and/or to next of kin (NOK) for whom the assistance is being provided. While performing these duties, the CAO will be relieved of all conflicting duties and/or responsibilities. CAOs are the official liaison between the family and the Army. The CAO is assigned to assist the family for as long as it takes to complete their transition. This may take several months depending on family needs. CAOs help families complete insurance forms, meet with funeral directors and make funeral plans. Generally, the notifier and the CAO are two different Soldiers. In some instances where there is a long geographic distance from an Army installation or National Guard or Army Reserve unit, the Army Casualty and Memorial Affairs Operations Center (CMAOC) may authorize the notifier and CAO to be the same individual.

My relative/friend is injured, is it possible for me to see him/her?

Travel by a friend of relative to a hostile fire zone is not permitted. If your friend/relative is transferred to a medical treatment facility in a non-hostile fire zone, your ability to visit him/her/her is dependent upon the medical treatment facilities ability to receive guests and your ability to travel to the location.

My relative/friend is injured; in what hospital is he/she located?

The Primary Next of Kin (PNOK) of an injured/ill individual is notified by the Army, the physician, a unit representative or Soldier/civilian himself/herself. Families can best assist notification by verifying their contact information or temporary changes are recorded within their loved one's unit. Since the PNOK will be notified in most cases, families/friends should use the PNOK as a focal point for sharing information internally.

My relative/friend is injured, how can I contact him/her?

Will next of kin be provided military transportation to visit their family member who was evacuated to a medical facility outside the theater of operations?

For Very Seriously Injured/Ill (VSI) or Seriously Injured/Ill (SI) patients, the Primary Next Of Kin (PNOK) can be issued Invitational Travel Orders (ITO) if the attending physician determines it is essential to the recovery of the patient and is verified by the hospital commander. As part of the process, DOD pays for the transportation.

My relative/friend is dead/injured will you pay for me to go see him/her?

If the attending physician views your presence as helpful in recovery and formally requests it, invitational travel orders (ITO) may be issued based on the following guidelines from AR 600-8-1: Commander, Human Resources Command may issue an ITO to not more than three family members of a Soldier who is hospitalized and classified as VSI or SI. ITO are governed by the Joint Federal Travel Regulation (JFTR) volume 1, paragraph U5246. The definition of a family member as defined in the JFTR, means the member's spouse, children (including step, adopted, and illegitimate children), siblings of the member and parents of the member (includes fathers and mothers through adoption and persons who have stood in loco parentis to the member for a period of not less than one year immediately before the member entered the U.S. Army). However, only one father and one mother or their counterparts may be recognized in any one case. There are other guidelines that would be discussed with the Primary Next of Kin (PNOK) in the event an ITO is issued.

My relative/friend is dead. When will he/she be brought back to the U.S.?

The Army communicates this matter with the Primary Next of Kin (PNOK) or Person Authorized to Direct Disposition of remains (PADD). Since the PNOK or PADD will be notified and made aware of those details, families/friends should use the PNOK or PADD as a focal point for sharing information internally.

My relative/friend is dead. How will he/she be brought back to the U.S.?

Who can be the Person Authorized to Direct Disposition of remains (PADD)?

Only one person at a time can be the PADD. Accordingly, the order of priority listed in (1)(12) below will be used in determining the PADD for eligible deceased personnel cited in Chapter 2, AR 638-2. The PADD can only be disqualified in accordance with the criteria found in paragraph 4-8, AR 638-2.

Surviving spouse, even if a minor. For this regulation, the legal spouse is one who is married as prescribed by civil law or was not divorced from the deceased and has not remarried at the time disposition of remains is to be made. The latter would apply to the case of a Soldier who has been declared deceased, body not recovered at the time of the casualty incident, and whose remains are later recovered and identified. If the spouse has remarried at the time disposition is to be made, the right of disposition will go to the next person in order of priority (see para 4-26, AR 638-2).

Designated blood relative. An unmarried Soldier may designate a blood relative on DD Form 93 (Record of Emergency Data) as his or her PADD. If the Soldier's parents are divorced or separated, the Soldier may designate which blood relative will direct disposition of the remains. Should the Soldier subsequently marry and be survived by a spouse, the provisions of (1) above will apply.

Sons or daughters who have reached the age of majority in the order of seniority (age).

Parents in order of seniority (age) unless legal custody was granted to another person by reason of court decree or statutory provision. (The person to whom custody was granted remains the PADD despite the fact that the individual had reached the age of majority at the time of death.) Step-parents serve in loco parentis and are not parents.

That blood or adoptive relative of the individual who was granted legal custody of the individual by reason of a court decree or statutory provision. The person to whom custody was granted remains the PADD despite the fact that the individual had reached the age of majority at the time of death.

The elder sibling who has reached the age of majority in the order of seniority (age). When the deceased person has full siblings, half-siblings, or step-siblings; the order of precedence is the full siblings by seniority then the half-siblings by seniority. Step-siblings are not eligible to direct disposition of remains. Adopted siblings are treated the same as full siblings when adopted by both of the deceased person's biological parents. Adopted siblings are considered as half-siblings when adopted by only one of the deceased person's biological parents.

Grandparents in order of seniority.

Other adult blood relatives in order of relationship to the individual under the laws of the deceased's domicile. When two individuals are of equal relationship, priority will be determined by age.

Remarried surviving spouse. For this regulation, the remarried surviving spouse is one who was not divorced from the deceased and has remarried at the time disposition of remains is to be made. The latter would apply to the case of a Soldier who has been declared deceased, body not recovered, and whose remains are later recovered and identified.

Person in loco parentis.

Legal representative of the estate may make disposition of remains when all efforts to identify or locate a person in categories (1) through (10) are unsuccessful. The legal representative must be properly appointed by a civil court having jurisdiction of the decedent's estate. The legal representative of the estate will submit a claim to direct disposition of the remains through the CAC to the Commander, Army Human Resources Command (TAPC-PED-D). The Commander, Army Human Resources Command (TAPC-PED-D) will determine the PADD whenever the PADD will be someone other than a blood relative of the decedent.

Personal friend of the deceased when the remains are not claimed by a person in (1) to (11) above. The Commander, Army Human Resources Command (TAPC-PED-D) will determine the PADD whenever the PADD will be someone other than a blood relative of the decedent.

When all known persons in categories (1) through (11) relinquish disposition authority or cannot be identified or located, then disposition of the remains will be made by the administrative determination of the Commander, Army Human Resources Command (TAPC-PED-D).

When the person highest in the order listed in a (1) through 10) declines writing to direct the disposition of remains (option 6, DA Form 7302 (Disposition of Remains Statement)), the authority will be offered to the next person in order of priority.

When no person in the order of priority can be identified or located, disposition of the remains will be made by the administrative determination of Commander, Army Human Resources Command.

How are the remains of casualties identified?

The recovery process is completed as quickly as possible. Once the remains have been recovered, officials use all available and necessary processes to complete identification procedures. When there is not an instance of multiple traumas to remains, identifications may be made using fingerprinting, dental records, anatomical comparisons and circumstantial evidence. The Armed Forces Medical Examiner (AFME) from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) at Walter Reed Army Medical Center is in charge of the process. When DNA processing is necessary, the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory (AFDIL), Rockville, MD, conducts the necessary testing. In some instances, the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory (CIL) (formerly known as CILHI and now part of the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command) also provides forensic pathologists to assist with identifications. Once the identifications are complete, family members will be provided with a profile of how the identifications were determined. Army officials will not release exactly what remains were recovered. The family may release that information if they wish.

When will the remains of Soldiers be returned to their families?

As soon as possible, although times may vary by situation. Generally, Soldiers' remains returning from overseas will be processed through an overseas mortuary and/or Dover Air Force Base in Delaware and then taken to the area their families have requested.

If the deceased has no family, or the family of the deceased has no means to procure a casket for burial, does the DOD buy a casket for burial?

Yes. Upon return of the remains to the port of entry mortuary, the family working with the service of the deceased will make decisions about the final burial arrangements, including who will assume responsibility for preparations of remains and associated costs. The Person Authorized to Direct Disposition of remains (PADD) is counseled about government burial benefit entitlements, including options for burial in a national cemetery with DOD-furnished casket and headstone. If there is no Next Of Kin (NOK), the service secretary will pay for and take care of arrangements.

What is the difference between a casket, a remains pouch, and a transfer case?

Remains pouches are normally used as a temporary means of transporting remains from one location to another within the area of operations. Transfer cases are used to transport remains aboard military aircraft/vessels. Caskets are used for burial.

Where will the remains enter the United States?

Current plans are for all remains to be returned to Dover AFB, Delaware, or direct shipment to the servicing funeral home from the United States Army Mortuary Affairs Activity-Europe in Landstuhl, Germany.

Will there be a ceremony at Dover Air Force Base when remains are returned to the United States from overseas?

No. Dover is identified as a Dignified Transfer location, and the Department of Defense policy discourages ceremonies at Dover Air Force Base or other intermediate stopover destinations. As always, appropriate dignity and respect will be afforded during transit of remains. If there were a ceremony at the port of embarkation, most families would feel obligated to attend causing undue hardship for some families. Instead, appropriate Military Funeral Honors will be rendered at the gravesites or other memorial services.

How is the Army going to handle the remains of Soldiers exposed to chemical, biological, nuclear, or radiological (CBNR) warfare agents?

Cases involving contaminated remains will be handled with the dignity and respect accorded to all remains and processed by mortuary and medical personnel consistent with applicable laws and procedures to ensure the health of the living. Human remains contaminated by biological or chemical weapons will not be cremated. Nor will mortuary affairs personnel bulldoze mass graves. DOD leadership and commanders will make maximum efforts to ensure the health and safety of all service members and the public.

How can I contact other surviving next of kin?

You should attempt to contact the Soldier's other friends or family to acquire Next Of Kin (NOK) information. Based on current Privacy Act laws, the Army cannot release NOK information.

What type of survivor benefits/entitlements will I receive?

Each Primary Next Of Kin (PNOK) for a deceased or missing Soldier will be assigned a Casualty Assistance Officer (CAO). The CAO is an officer in the grade of Captain or higher, a warrant officer or a senior NCO with the grade of Sergeant First Class or higher (Staff Sergeant only upon approval from the Army's Casualty and Memorial Affairs Operations Center (CMAOC)). Normally, the CAO will be of equal grade or higher than the casualty and/or to next of kin (NOK) for whom the assistance is being provided. While performing these duties, the CAO will be relieved of all conflicting duties and/or responsibilities. CAOs are the official liaison between the family and the Army. The CAO is assigned to assist the family for as long as it takes to complete their transition. This may take several months depending on family needs. CAOs help families complete insurance forms, meet with funeral directors and make funeral plans. Generally, the notifier and the CAO are two different Soldiers. In some instances where there is a long geographic distance from an Army installation, National Guard or Army Reserve unit, the CMAOC may authorize the notifier and CAO to be the same individual. Injured/ill service members should coordinate with their Casualty Assistance Center for clarification on benefits.

Who is responsible for notifying the Next Of Kin (NOK) about a death or other casualty?

Each service is responsible for notification of Primary Next Of Kin (PNOK) and Secondary Next Of Kin (SNOK). Each military service has organized procedures for ensuring expeditious and personal notification.

Are the families of deceased service members provided administrative assistance?

Yes. A Casualty Assistance Officer (CAO) is assigned to help the Primary Next Of Kin (PNOK) with the burial process and to ensure the PNOK is aware of and gains access to any entitlements.

Who is entitled to a military funeral?

Military funerals are typically provided to active Soldiers, retirees, veterans, and Medal of Honor recipients with varying degrees of support. Current Army policy is that full Military Funeral Honors are provided for active duty Soldiers and Medal of Honor recipients. Full Military Funeral Honors consist of six casket bearers, who also act as the firing party, an officer or noncommissioned officer in charge, a chaplain, and bugler. Retirees are provided full honors, resources permitting. If resources are not available, two Soldiers will provide a flag folding ceremony and presentation of the interment flag to the retiree's next of kin. Veterans will, upon request, be provided a two-Soldier flag folding team and the interment flag presentation.

Who is eligible to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery?

Unfortunately, Arlington National Cemetery has limited space. As a result, there are various eligibility restrictions, which periodically change. Review of the Arlington National Cemetery's website (http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/funeral_information/index.html) can resolve most questions.

I would like to attend the funeral of a Soldier. Can I get the time, date and place?

Whether or not a funeral is open to the public or a private service is a family decision. Department of the Army does not publish funeral information out of respect to the Next Of Kin (NOK). However, local newspapers may publish information on funeral services within obituary notices, if a family desires to make that information public.

How is a military funeral requested?

Requests for Military Funeral Honors are usually made by the funeral director that is assisting the family of the deceased. The funeral director should make the request through a toll-free directory assistance number or the Casualty Assistance Center (CAC) in which the interment will be conducted.

What is a Casualty Assistance Center (CAC)?

A CAC is a major Army installation assigned a specific geographic area of responsibility for providing military honors and casualty related services. There are currently twenty-seven CONUS CACs and seven OCONUS CACs including Hawaii and Alaska. Contingency CACs are also periodically established for ongoing operational areas.

How often will families be provided updates on their Soldiers?

Information will be passed to the Primary Next Of Kin (PNOK) as it becomes available. Since the PNOK will be notified of updates, families/friends should use the PNOK as a focal point for sharing information internally. In the first hours after the incident, information may be limited. If there is no solid evidence a particular Soldier was involved in the incident, but Army officials have reason to believe the Soldier was involved, families will be given a "believed to be" notification. This simply tells the family that the Army has good reason to believe their loved one was involved and that the Army will provide them updates, as they become available. This type of notification will be delivered only when there is overwhelming reason to believe their Soldier was involved. If it is "believed to be killed" or "believed to be missing", both the PNOK and Secondary Next Of Kin (SNOK) will be notified in person. If it is "believed to be injured," only the PNOK will be notified telephonically. All family members who have been notified originally will be kept informed of developments in their cases.

Will media representatives be given access to family members?

Family members may accept or decline interview requests at their discretion. Normally, the Army does not act as a liaison between families and the media. However, if a situation draws overwhelming media interest or if family members request guidance or assistance, an Army Public Affairs Office may assist them.

Will media be allowed to attend the funerals and/or unit memorial services?

Families determine media attendance at funerals or family memorials. The unit commander determines attendance at unit memorial services.

How are Soldiers' names released to the media? Can family members have a Soldier's name withheld from the media?

Once required Next Of Kin (NOK) notifications have been completed, the Army Human Resources Command Public Affairs Office will release the information to the Army's Office of Chief of Public Affairs (OCPA) (703-697-7550). OCPA releases to Office of Secretary of Defense Public Affairs and the media. Although families may request their Soldier's name be withheld, it is a matter of public record and may be released without their permission.

What information is released to the public?

Information released to the public includes: the Soldier's name, age, place of birth, unit, as much information about the incident as is available, Next Of Kin (NOK) information (name, relationship to the Soldier, and their city and state of residence), when and where the Soldier entered the Army, and the Soldier's Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) or branch. Because the Army wants to release as much information as possible as quickly as possible, names will be released immediately. However, there may be times when not all information will be immediately available. Follow-up releases may be provided when necessary.

How can media representatives get information?

Media representatives should call the Department of the Army Public Affairs at 703-697-7550. No media updates will be disseminated through the hotline.

How often will information be released to the media?

Department of the Army Public Affairs will determine the regular release of information.

Are there any media sites that will be set up at the incident site or at the unit's home station?

All information will be initially released at the Department of the Army level. If a media center is established, information will be available from Army Public Affairs, Media Relations Division, 703-697-7550. Information may also be disseminated through the unit or installation public affairs office of the unit involved. Office of the Chief of Public Affairs (OCPA) determines the level of response, in coordination with subordinate commands.

If family members have not heard from the Army, how can they check on their Soldier?

Both the Army and Department of Defense policies for release of casualty names require notification of Next Of Kin (NOK) before any public dissemination. Since accuracy on casualty matters is crucial, it often takes extra time for information to flow and be verified through the chain of command before the Army will officially notify families. In addition, current Army policy requires in-person notification to both Primary Next Of Kin (PNOK) and Secondary Next Of Kin (SNOK) on deceased or missing cases. PNOK must be notified before any SNOK. Because PNOK or SNOK may be located at several locations, on vacation, or away on business, it may take extra time for Casualty Notification Officers (CNOs) to be briefed, travel and make contact with the next of kin. Army policy for Very Seriously Injured/Ill (VSI) or Seriously Injured/Ill (SI), authorizes telephonic notification to the PNOK only. Hence, the PNOK will become the family focal point for information on VSI/SI cases. In cases where an individual is not seriously injured, the individual, physician or a unit representative may notify the family. Families can best assist notification by verifying their contact information or temporary changes are recorded within their loved one's unit. Rest assured, once information is verified, that the Army will make all efforts possible to swiftly and appropriately notify next of kin. Your patience is appreciated. If a significant casualty event occurs, the Army may set up a toll-free hotline to address concerns of family members and the public as far as possible. However, until NOK have been notified officially (conducted in person for deceased or missing, and conducted telephonically for injured), no information concerning individuals will be released by the hotline, even to NOK. Families can best assist notification by verifying that their contact information or temporary changes are recorded within their loved one's unit. Since the PNOK will be notified in most cases, families should use the PNOK as a focal point for sharing information internally.

How can families who have heard that their Soldier is killed or injured verify this information?

The Army will conduct in-person notification for deceased or missing cases and telephonic notification for Very Seriously Injured/Ill (VSI) or Seriously Injured/Ill (SI) cases. In-person notification will be made to both Primary Next Of Kin (PNOK) and Secondary Next Of Kin (SNOK) on death or missing cases. PNOK are notified before any SNOK. Telephonic notification is made only to PNOK on VSI or SI cases. If a toll-free hotline is opened for a significant casualty event, the contact number for that hotline will be published in the media. However, no notification will be made via the hotline. Operators will only be able to verify a Soldier or civilian is not on the current list provided for deceased or missing. Operators will not have information lists on wounded, injured or ill. The Army will make in-person notification to both PNOK and for all deceased or missing cases. For VSI or SI cases, the Army will only make telephonic notification to the PNOK. Families can best assist notification by verifying their contact information or temporary changes are recorded within their loved one's unit. Since the PNOK will be notified in most cases, families should use the PNOK as a focal point for sharing information internally.

If I receive a phone message from the Army regarding a notification, asking me to call them back, what should I do?

If you receive a voice message from someone identifying themselves as being with the Army, you should return their call at the number they have provided.

If there is a mass-casualty event involving Army Soldiers and/or civilians, how can I verify if a family member was involved?

In the event of a mass-casualty event involving Army Soldiers and/or civilians, a toll-free hotline is typically created, which will be announced through various media outlets. Although no notifications will be made via the hotline, operators will be able to verify if a Soldier or civilian is on the current list provided for deceased or missing. Operators will not have information lists on wounded, injured or ill.

How long will the hotline be open?

A toll-free hotline will only be established if a significant casualty event occurs involving Army Soldiers or civilians. There is no set timeline for the toll-free hotline operation. The Army leadership will determine when the hotline is required and when the hotline has fulfilled its requirements.

Who will man the hotline?

The Army hotline used by the general public will be manned by subject matter experts and trained volunteers.

In light of the events of September 11, 2001, have Army units had any mass casualty/anti-terrorism training?

Army units routinely conduct these types of exercises. The recent incidents have also heightened awareness of these possibilities. Training classes in anti-terrorism are required periodically for all Soldiers.

What awards are being presented to Soldiers?

Awards are determined by the actions of the recipients and recommended by the chain of command. (Note: The Purple Heart is only awarded for injuries sustained as a result of enemy action.)

What is friendly fire?

In casualty reporting, a casualty circumstance applicable to persons killed in action or wounded in action mistakenly or accidentally by friendly forces actively engaged with the enemy, who are directing fire at a hostile force or what is thought to be a hostile force.

Are these deaths considered Killed In Action (KIA)?

Yes, Friendly fire can be considered as Killed In Action (KIA) under certain circumstances. KIA is a casualty category applicable to a hostile casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist activity, who is killed outright or who dies as a result of wounds or other injuries before reaching a medical treatment facility.

Are there different degrees of illness/injury?

Yes. A person is Seriously Ill/Injured (SI) when the medical authority classifies the illness or injury to be of such severity that there is cause for immediate concern, but there is not imminent danger to life. A person is Very Seriously Ill/Injured (VSI) when the medical authority classifies the illness or injury to be of such severity that life is imminently endangered.

What is DUSTWUN?

DUSTWUN (Duty Status Whereabouts Unknown) is a transitory casualty status, applicable only to military personnel. It is used when the responsible commander suspects the member may be a casualty whose absence is involuntary, but does not feel sufficient evidence currently exists to make a definite determination of missing or deceased. (Joint Pub 1-02)

When is someone considered a Prisoner Of War (POW)?

Someone is considered a POW when, while engaged in combat under orders of his or her government, he or she is captured by the armed forces of the enemy.

What is the difference between a POW and a detainee?

Prisoner of War (POW) - A detained person as defined in articles 4 and 5 of the Geneva Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war of August 12, 1949. In particular, one who, while engaged in combat under orders of his or her government is captured by the armed forces of the enemy. As such, he or she is entitled to the combatant's privilege of immunity from the municipal law of the capturing state for warlike acts that do not amount to breaches of the law of armed conflict. For example, a prisoner of war may be, but is not limited to, any person belonging to one of the following categories who has fallen into the power of the enemy: a member of the armed forces, organized militia or volunteer corps; a person who accompanies the armed forces without actually being a member thereof; a member of a merchant marine or civilian aircraft crew not qualifying for more favorable treatment; or individuals who, on the approach of the enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Detainee - A person who is prevented from proceeding or is restrained in custody for alleged violation of international law or other reasons claimed by the government or group under which the person is being held. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Are military the only ones who can be classified as POWs?

No. A prisoner of war may be, but is not limited to, any person belonging to one of the following categories who has fallen into the power of the enemy: a member of the armed forces, organized militia or volunteer corps; a person who accompanies the armed forces without actually being a member thereof; a member of a merchant marine or civilian aircraft crew not qualifying for more favorable treatment; or individuals who, on the approach of the enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces.

Is there anything special about being a POW as opposed to another captured status?

Yes. A POW receives all the protections and rights accorded by the Geneva Convention, including the right to send and receive mail, to communicate any complaints, receive medical care, and to have his/her habits, customs, and religious practices respected. Prisoners of war are entitled to release and repatriation, without delay, upon agreement or after the cessation of active hostilities. A POW is also entitled to the combatant's privilege of immunity from the municipal law of the capturing state for warlike acts that do not amount to breaches of the law of armed conflict.

What services are available for family members whose loved ones have been killed?

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